what are Hepatitis and their types

Hepatitis :-

Hepatitis alludes to a fiery state of the liver. It is normally the aftereffect of a viral disease, yet there are other potential reasons for hepatitis.

These incorporate immune system hepatitis and hepatitis that happens as an auxiliary aftereffect of meds, medications, poisons, and liquor. Immune system hepatitis is an infection that happens when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.

The five principle viral characterizations of hepatitis will be hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. An alternate infection is answerable for each kind of viral hepatitis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) appraises that 354 million Trusted Source individuals right now live with persistent hepatitis B and C internationally.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis An is the consequence of a disease with the hepatitis An infection (HAV). This kind of hepatitis is an intense, momentary infection.

Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B infection (HBV) causes hepatitis B. This is frequently a progressing, persistent condition. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assesses that around 826,000Trusted Source individuals are living with persistent hepatitis B in the United States and around 257 million individuals around the world.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C infection (HCV). HCV is among the most widely recognized bloodborne viral diseases in the United States and normally presents as a drawn out condition.

As indicated by the CDC, around 2.4 million Americans Trusted Source are presently living with a constant type of this contamination.

Hepatitis D

This is an uncommon type of hepatitis that just happens related to hepatitis B disease. The hepatitis D infection (HDV) causes liver aggravation like different strains, however an individual can't contract HDV without a current hepatitis B disease.

Universally, HDV influences just about 5 percent Trusted Source of individuals with constant hepatitis B.

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is a waterborne infection that outcomes from openness to the hepatitis E infection (HEV). Hepatitis E is principally found in regions with helpless sterilization and normally comes about because of ingesting feces that defiles the water supply.

 

Hepatitis 

How Hepatitis is diagnosed

 Diagnosed - It is crucial to understand what is causing hepatitis in order to treat it correctly. Doctors will progress through a series of tests to accurately diagnose your condition.

History and physical exam
To diagnose all forms of hepatitis, your doctor will first take your history to determine any risk factors you may have.

During a physical examination, your doctor may press down gently on your abdomen to see if there’s pain or tenderness. Your doctor may also check for any swelling of the liver and any yellow discoloration in your eyes or skin.

Liver function tests
Liver function tests use blood samples to determine how efficiently your liver works.

Abnormal results of these tests may be the first indication that there is a problem, especially if you don’t show any signs on a physical exam of liver disease. High liver enzyme levels may indicate that your liver is stressed, damaged, or not functioning correctly.

Other blood tests
If your liver function tests are abnormal, your doctor will likely order other blood tests to detect the source of the problem.

These tests can determine Trusted Source if you have infectious hepatitis by checking for the presence of

viruses or antibodies your body produces to combat them.

Doctors may also use blood tests to check for any signs of autoimmune hepatitis.

Liver biopsy
When diagnosing hepatitis drugs available for hepititas, doctors will also assess your liver for potential damageTrusted Source. A liver biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a sample of tissue from your liver.

A medical professional may take this sample through your skin with a needle, meaning there is no need for surgery. They will typically use an ultrasound scan for guidance during this procedure.

This test allows your doctor to determine how infection or inflammation has affected your liver.

Ultrasound
An abdominal ultrasound uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the organs within your abdomen. This test allows your doctor to take a close look at your liver and nearby organs. It can reveal:

•       fluid in your abdomen
•       liver damage or enlargement
•       liver tumors
•       abnormalities of your gallbladder

Sometimes the pancreas shows up on ultrasound images as well. This can be a useful test in determining the cause of your abnormal liver function.

 

What Are Thyroid Symptoms And Their Diagnosis

 

Overview

Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid — a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.

Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first. But as it grows, it can cause pain and swelling in your neck.

Several types of thyroid cancer exist. Some grow very slowly and others can be very aggressive. Most cases of thyroid cancer can be cured with treatment.

Thyroid cancer rates seem to be increasing. Some doctors think this is because new technology is allowing them to find small thyroid cancers that may not have been found in the past.

What Are Thyroid Symptoms And Their Diagnosis

 Symptoms

Thyroid gland showing larynx and trachea
Thyroid gland Open pop-up dialog box
Thyroid cancer typically doesn’t cause any signs or symptoms early in the disease. As

grows, it may cause:

A lump (nodule) that can be felt through the skin on your neck
Changes to your voice, including increasing hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Pain in your neck and throat
Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
When to see a doctor
If you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your doctor.

Diagnosis

Needle biopsy of thyroid cancer
Needle biopsy Open pop-up dialog box
Tests and procedures used to diagnose thyroid cancer include:

Physical exam. Your doctor will examine your neck to feel for physical changes in your thyroid, such as thyroid nodules. He or she may also ask about your risk factors, such as past exposure to radiation and a family history of thyroid tumors.
Blood tests. Blood tests help determine if the thyroid gland is functioning normally.
Ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of body structures. To create an image of the thyroid, the ultrasound transducer is placed on your lower neck. The appearance of your thyroid on the ultrasound helps your doctor determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely to be noncancerous (benign) or whether there’s a risk that it might be cancerous.
Removing a sample of thyroid tissue. During a fine-needle aspiration biopsy, your doctor inserts a long, thin needle through your skin and into the thyroid nodule. Ultrasound imaging is typically used to precisely guide the needle into the nodule. Your doctor uses the needle to remove samples of suspicious thyroid tissue. The sample is analyzed in the laboratory to look for cancer cells.
Other imaging tests. You may have one or more imaging tests to help your doctor determine whether your cancer has spread beyond the thyroid. Imaging tests may include CT, MRI and nuclear imaging tests that use a radioactive form of iodine.
Genetic testing. Some people with medullary thyroid cancer may have genetic changes that can be associated with other endocrine cancers. Your family history may prompt your doctor to recommend genetic testing to look for genes that increase your risk of cancer.

what are side effect of Mycept Tablet and how to use, work it

 SIDE EFFECTS OF MYCEPT TABLET

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them

Common side effects of Mycept

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• High blood pressure
• Decreased white blood cell count (neutrophils)

HOW TO USE MYCEPT TABLET

Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor. Swallow it as a whole. Do not chew, crush or break it. Mycept 500 Tablet may be taken with or without food, but it is better to take it at a fixed time.

HOW MYCEPT TABLET WORKS

Mycept 500 Tablet is an immunosuppressant. It reduces the action of the body's own defense system (the immune system) and prevents rejection of the transplanted organ.

Mycept tablet 500 mg

what you know about Mycept 500 Tablet use and Benifit

 INTRODUCTION

Mycept 500 Tablet belongs to a group of medicines called immunosuppressants. It is used with other medicines to prevent your body from rejecting an organ (such as a kidney, heart, or liver) after a transplant. It works by suppressing your body’s immune system so that it does not attack the new organ.

The amount of Mycept 500 Tablet you take and how often you take it depends on the type of transplant you have. Follow your doctor’s instructions on this. You should take it on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Swallow it as a whole, do not crush, chew, or break it. Take the medicine regularly to get maximum benefit and keep taking it even when you feel well. The treatment will continue for as long as you need it to prevent rejection. 

The most common side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, high blood pressure, and changes in the number of white blood cells. You may catch more infections than usual as medicine suppresses the immune system. There is also an increased risk of developing some cancers for this reason. To reduce your risk of skin cancer, limit your exposure to the sun and use sunscreen. There is a long list of potential side effects of this medicine. You should ask your doctor about them and what signs to look out for because some of them can be serious and need urgent medical attention.

Mycept 500 Tablet can cause birth defects and abortion so do not take it if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding. You should talk to your doctor before taking this medicine if you have any signs of infection or if you have any unexpected bruising or bleeding. You should also let your healthcare team know all other medicines you are taking as they may affect, or be affected by, this medicine. You will have regular tests to check for any changes in the number of your blood cells and the amount of sugar and cholesterol in your blood.

USES OF MYCEPT TABLET

• Prevention of organ rejection in transplant patients

BENEFITS OF MYCEPT TABLET

In Prevention of organ rejection in transplant patients

Mycept 500 Tablet belongs to a group of medicines known as immunosuppressive agents. It lowers your immune response and reduces the chance of your body attacking the transplanted organ. Organ rejection happens when your immune system treats the new organ as an invader and attacks it. This medicine may be used in combination with other medicines to suppress the immune system and help your body accept the new organ.

 MYCEPT TABLET

XELJANZ(tofacitinib overdose

 Overdose

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 919818274099. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 919818274099. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Notes

Do not share this medication with others.

Lab and/or medical tests (such as liver/kidney function, complete blood count, cholesterol levels, skin exams) should be done while you are using this medication. Keep all medical and lab appointments.

Missed Dose

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Storage

Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Store the liquid form in the original bottle with the cap tightly closed. After each use, place the bottle back into the carton to protect from light. After opening, discard any remaining liquid xeljanz after 60 days.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

Tofacitinib

what are Precautions of Xeljanz (tofacitinib) before using

 See also Warning section.

Before taking tofacitinib, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this Xeljanz , tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease (such as hepatitis B or C), kidney disease, blood/bone marrow disorders (such as anemia, low lymphocyte/neutrophil count), past/recent/current infections (such as tuberculosis, herpes zoster, HIV infection), cancer, other stomach/intestinal disorders (such as ulcers, diverticulitis), lung disease, heart disease (such as previous heart attack), blood clots, stroke.

Tofacitinib can make you more likely to get infections or may worsen any current infections. Avoid contact with people who have infections that may spread to others (such as chickenpox, measles, flu). Consult your doctor if you have been exposed to an infection or for more details.

Do not have immunizations/vaccinations without the consent of your doctor. Avoid contact with people who have recently received live vaccines (such as flu vaccine inhaled through the nose).

Liquid products may contain sugar and/or aspartame. Liquid products may also contain alcohol. Caution is advised if you have diabetes, liver disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), or any other condition that requires you to limit/avoid these substances in your diet. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about using this product safely.

Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).

Older adults may be at greater risk for infections while using this drug.

During pregnancy, this Xeljnz should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Tell your doctor if you are planning pregnancy or become pregnant.

It is unknown if this medication passes into breast milk. However, because of the possible risk to the infant, breast-feeding while using this drug and for at least 18 hours after the last dose is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Consult your pharmacist or physician.

Xeljanz (tofacitinib)

Effects on other treatments and vaccination Xelanz (Tofacitinib)

You’ll probably be taking methotrexate as well as tofacitinib. However, some drugs may interact with tofacitinib, so check with your doctor before starting any new medicines, especially if you’re taking medicines to treat bacterial or fungal infections. And remember to mention you’re on tofacitinib tab if you’re treated by anyone other than your usual rheumatology team.

You may be more likely to develop a serious infection if you’re taking tofacitinib alongside steroid treatments or other drugs that affect the immune system.

You can carry on taking painkillers and NSAIDs, if needed, unless your doctor advises otherwise.

You shouldn’t take over-the-counter or herbal medicines without discussing it first with your rheumatology team.

Vaccinations

It’s best to discuss vaccinations with your doctor and, if possible, to have any vaccinations you may need before starting tofacitinib.

It’s generally recommended that people on to Xelanz (Tofacitinib) facitinib avoid live vaccines. These include measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), tuberculosis (BCG) and yellow fever.

The Zostavax shingles vaccine is a live vaccine and isn’t recommended for people who are on tofacitinib. However, a non-live shingles vaccine (Shingrix) is available so you may be able to have this instead.

Pneumococcal vaccines, which help to protect against pneumonia, and yearly flu vaccines – except the nasal flu vaccine – are fine and are usually recommended.

Xelanz (Tofacitinib)

 

Possible risk and side effects Xeljanz(Tofacitinib)

Like any medicine, tofacitinib can cause side effects. The most common ones, headaches and diarrheic, aren’t usually serious and should soon pass. Feeling sick is fairly common when taking tofacitinib but may settle with time.

Because tofacitinib affects your immune system, it can make you more likely to pick up infections. These aren’t usually serious and include throat, nose and chest infections, cold sores, urinary tract infections and stomach upsets. Some people may have more serious infections including shingles and skin infections, known as cellulitis.

Xeljanz(Tofacitinib) tablet

Tell your doctor or rheumatology nurse straight away if you develop any signs of infection such as a sore throat or persistent cough, fever or chills, or any other new symptoms that concern you. If any of these symptoms are severe, you should stop taking tofacitinib and see your doctor straight away.

You should also see your doctor if you develop chickenpox or shingles or come into contact with someone who has chickenpox or shingles. These may be more severe if you’re on tofacitinib. You may need treatment, and you may need to stop taking tofacitinib xeljanz until you’re better.

Some people who take tofacitinib may have a reduced white blood cell count, raised cholesterol or raised levels of liver enzymes. These problems are usually mild but your rheumatology team will arrange regular blood checks while you are taking tofacitinib as a precaution.

It’s possible that tofacitinib may increase the risk of blood clots in the legs, called deep vein thrombosis. These can sometimes move to the lungs, which is called pulmonary embolism. The risk is likely to be greater if you’ve had either of these before. You should seek urgent medical care if you develop swelling of the legs or breathlessness.

It’s possible that there may be a slightly increased risk of some cancers in people taking XELJANZ (Tofacitinib) though research so far hasn’t confirmed this. If you’ve had previous cancers, this may affect whether tofacitinib is offered to you as a treatment.

Tofacitinib can sometimes cause stomach or bowel problems. These are more common in people who also take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids. You should also tell your doctor straight away if you notice any signs of stomach or abdominal problems, such as pain, change in bowel habits or blood in your poo.

Rarely, tofacitinib can cause an allergic reaction with sudden swelling, a rash or breathlessness. If you develop these symptoms, or any other severe symptoms while taking tofacitinib, you should seek medical advice straight away.

Tips to reduce your risk of infection

• Try to avoid close contact with people you know have an infection.
• Wash your hands regularly and carry around a small bottle of antibacterial hand gel.
• Keep your mouth clean by brushing your teeth regularly.
• Stop smoking if you’re a smoker.
• Make sure your food is stored and prepared properly.
• Try to keep your house clean and hygienic, especially the kitchen, bathrooms and toilets.