Facts and Myths about Transplant

Transplantation is the transfer (implantation) of human cells, tissues or organs from a donor to a recipient. The purpose is to restore the function of the body. When transplanting between different species, such as humans, this animal is called xenotransplantation.

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which organs are removed from a body and placed in the recipient's body to replace damaged or missing organs. The donor and recipient can be in the same location, or the organ can be transferred from the donor site to another location. Organs and / or tissues transplanted in the same person are called autotransplants. A recent transplant between two subjects of the same species is called allograft. Allogeneic transplantation can come from a living body or a dead body.

Type of transplant

1. Autotransplantation
Autotransplantation is the transplantation of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with excess tissue, tissue that can be regenerated, or tissue that is urgently needed elsewhere (eg, skin transplantation, CABG vein extraction, etc.). Sometimes autotransplantation is required to remove the tissue and then treat it before returning (for example, stem cell autotransplantation and storing blood before surgery). In rotational plastic surgery, the distal joint is used to replace the proximal joint. Usually, the knee joint is replaced with a foot or ankle joint. The person's foot was cut and twisted, the knee was removed, and the tibia was connected to the femur.

2. Allograft
Allogeneic transplantation is the transplantation of an organ or tissue between two genetically different members of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allogeneic transplants. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's immune system will recognize the organ as a foreign body and try to destroy it, resulting in rejection of the transplant. The risk of transplant rejection can be assessed by measuring Panel reactive antibody levels.

3. Allograft
A subset of allogeneic transplantation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (eg identical twins). Allografts are different from other types of xenotransplants because allografts are anatomically identical, but they do not trigger an immune response.

4. Xenotransplantation and xenotransplantation
Transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another is an example of heart valve transplantation in pigs, which is very common and successful. Another example is an attempt to transplant islet primates (fish to non-human primates) into the tissue of islets (ie, pancreas or island tissue). The latter research aims to pave the way for successful potential human use.

5. Domino transplant
In people with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is necessary to replace both lungs at the same time, which is technically easier to perform surgery, and the success rate of replacement of the donor's heart and lungs is higher. Since the original heart of the recipient is usually healthy, it can be transplanted to a second recipient who needs a heart transplant, thereby making the person with CF a living heart donor.

6. Incompatible with ABO transplantation
Because young children (usually under 12 months, but usually only 24 months old [16]) do not have a well-developed immune system, [17] therefore, they may receive organs from incompatible donor . This is called ABO incompatible (ABOi) porting. ABOi and ABO compatible (ABOc) recipients have roughly the same graft survival rate and people's mortality rate.

7. Transplantation of obese individuals
Until recently, people marked as obese have not been considered suitable candidates for kidney transplantation. In 2009, doctors at the University of Illinois Medical Center performed the first robotic kidney transplant among obese recipients and continued to transplant people with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 35 through robotic surgery.

Organs and organ transplantation

Chest
Heart (deceased only)
Lungs (deceased donations and life-related lung transplants)

Abdomen
Kidneys (dead and living)
Liver (deceased donors can donate the entire liver; while living donors, if the entire liver is needed, the donation of only one person cannot provide the entire liver)
Pancreas (only the donor is deceased; if the entire pancreas of a living person is removed, it can cause very severe diabetes)
Intestine (deceased donor and living donor; usually refers to the small intestine)
Stomach (deceased donor only)
Testicles [27] (Dead and Living)
Penis (deceased only)


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What Is an Oncologist: What You Need to Know About Cancer ...

What is an oncologist?

An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer patients.

If you have cancer, the oncologist will design a treatment plan based on the detailed pathology report, which indicates which type of cancer you have, how much cancer has developed, how quickly it may spread, and which parts of your body.

What types of oncologists can you see?

Medical oncologist
Medical oncologists use chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy and other targeted therapies to treat cancer. People usually think of medical oncologists as their main cancer doctors.

Radiation Oncologist
Radiation oncologists use high-energy photon beams to target and destroy cancer cells. About half of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy as part of their cancer care.

Surgical oncologist
If your primary care doctor suspects you have cancer, a surgical oncologist may be one of the first doctors you will find. Surgical oncologists often perform biopsies to remove a small portion of tissue in order to examine cancer cells.

Pediatric Oncologist
Pediatric oncologists diagnose and treat children with cancer. Around 175,000 children under the age of 15 are diagnosed with cancer worldwide every year. In the United States, approximately 80% of children diagnosed with cancer and treated can survive.

How to prepare for your first oncology appointment

What to expect
Your first oncology appointment may last two to three hours. That's because your oncologist will take some time to gather information about your health. You should also expect:

• Emotions, or a strange lack. When you find yourself suffering from cancer, anxiety, anger and sadness are common reactions. At first, you may feel numb.
• Body checkup. Even if you have received a physical examination by a primary care doctor, your oncologist may perform a physical examination.
• Some other tests. You may need to perform other blood tests or imaging tests.
• Meeting with other cancer care team members. You may meet other health care professionals or people who can help you understand insurance procedures and treatment costs.
• Early prognosis. Oncologists can give you basic predictions and tell you how long it will take to recover.

what to ask

Until the moment you face the doctor, there are many problems that are not uncommon. Then -po! -They disappeared. The pressure from cancer diagnosis may even temporarily “freeze” someone who is usually very good at getting the answers needed to make the right decision.

What tests do oncologists do?

Your oncologist may perform a physical examination to find abnormalities that may indicate cancer. They may also perform blood and urine tests or imaging scans, such as MRI, ultrasound and CT scans. They may perform one or more biopsies to check for cancer cells in the tissue.

What kind of training do oncologists receive?

Oncology is a major in internal medicine. After graduating from medical school and becoming a licensed doctor, the doctor must complete the three-year residency of a medical resident.

After residency, the oncologist must complete another two to three years in the oncology scholarship. A surgical oncologist must first complete the status of a general surgical resident and then a two-year surgical oncology scholarship.

How do you find a good oncologist?

A good starting point is to advise your primary care doctor. You may want to obtain several names so that you can verify which names belong to your insurance network.

Another option is to find a hospital you trust and then find an oncologist related to that hospital. The American Cancer Society has a hospital checklist that can help you determine which nearby hospitals will be the best option for cancer care.

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Hepatitis: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment - Healthcare

What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and secondary hepatitis caused by drugs, drugs, toxins and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body produces antibodies against liver tissue.

Your liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen. It performs many key functions that affect the metabolism of the entire body, including:

• The production of bile is essential for digestion
• Filter toxins from the body
• Excretion of bilirubin (product of broken down red blood cells), cholesterol, hormones and drugs
• Carbohydrate, fat and protein breakdown
• Enzyme activation, which is a special protein essential for body function
• Storage of glycogen (a form of sugar), minerals and vitamins (A, D, E and K)
• Synthesis of blood proteins, such as photo albums

5 types of viral hepatitis

Liver viral infections classified as hepatitis include hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis transmitted by each virus is caused by a different virus.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. The most common form of this type of hepatitis is spread by eating food or water contaminated with the feces of people infected with hepatitis A.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is transmitted by contact with infectious body fluids containing hepatitis B virus (HBV), such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen. Injecting drugs, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing a razor with an infected person can increase your risk of hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with infected body fluids, usually through injecting drugs and sexual contact. HCV is one of the most common bloodborne viral infections in the United States

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D, also known as delta hepatitis, is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is infected by direct contact with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs at the same time as a hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis Eis a waterborne disease caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly seen in areas with poor sanitation, usually caused by ingestion of feces that contaminate water sources.

Causes of non-communicable hepatitis

Alcohol and other toxins

Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and inflammation. It is sometimes called alcoholic hepatitis. Alcohol can directly damage your liver cells. Over time, it may cause permanent damage and lead to liver failure and cirrhosis, liver thickening and scar formation.

Autoimmune system response

In some cases, the immune system mistakes the liver for harmful objects and begins to attack the liver. It causes persistent inflammation, which can range from mild to severe, and usually hinders liver function. The incidence of women is three times that of men.

Common symptoms of hepatitis

If you have chronic infectious hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, then you may have no symptoms at first. Before the damage affects liver function, symptoms may not appear.

• fatigue
• Flu-like symptoms
• Black urine
• Pale stool
• stomach ache
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Yellow skin and eyes, may be a sign of jaundice

How to diagnose hepatitis

History and physical examination

To diagnose hepatitis, your doctor will first determine any risk factors for you that may have infectious or non-infectious hepatitis based on your medical history.

During a physical examination, your doctor may gently press down on your abdomen to see if there is pain or tenderness. Your doctor may also feel whether your liver is enlarged. If your skin or eyes are yellow, your doctor will pay attention to this during the examination.

Liver function test

Liver function tests use blood samples to determine the efficiency of the liver. The abnormal results of these tests may be the first sign of a problem, especially if you do not show any signs on the physical examination of liver disease. High liver enzyme levels may indicate that your liver is under stress, damaged or not functioning properly.

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Orencia (Abatacept) : Medication Information

ORENCIA is a prescription drug for moderate to severe adult rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult psoriatic arthritis.

Abatacept is a drug that can treat autoimmune diseases by interfering with the immune activity of rheumatoid arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis T cells. It is a modified antibody. Abatacept is a fusion protein. The Fc region of immunoglobulin IgG1 is fused with the extracellular domain of CTLA-4

Medical uses and fact

In people with autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakes the body's own cells for intruders and attacks them. Orencia is a prescription drug, It is used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and prevent joint damage caused by these conditions. Abatacept is used as a second-line drug for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), And as a front-line agent for people with severe and rapidly progressing RA. It is also used to treat psoriasis
Arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Work of Orencia

Orencia (abatacept) is an injectable biologic drug that slows joint damage and reduces pain from rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases Autoimmune diseases. Orencia works by preventing immune cells in the body, T cells, called T cells, cause swelling and joint damage in arthritis through a process called autoimmune attack.

Contraindications

Abatacept has not been tested in pregnant women, and it is unclear whether it is present in breast milk. When taken in high doses, it can cause birth defects in rodents and spread through rodent breast milk.

Before starting abatacept, people should be checked for tuberculosis and all infections should be removed; the vaccine should be updated before starting to use abatacept. Abacept may interfere with any vaccine people are taking.

It should not be used in combination with anakinra or TNF antagonists. Because of abatacept, anakinra and TNF antagonists suppressing the immune system and using them in combination may greatly increase the risk of serious infections.

The Indications and Usage

ORENCIA combined with methotrexate can treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis

Adult patients who have not responded adequately to previous treatments for one or more disease relief therapies Anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD), including methotrexate (MTX) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α inhibitors. ORENCIA in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of moderate to severe polyarticular joints Pediatric idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children 6 years of age and older with insufficient reactivity Other DMARDs including at least one TNF inhibitor.

Important use restrictions

ORENCIA should not be used simultaneously with TNF antagonists. It is not recommended to use ORENCIA simultaneously with other biological rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments (such as anakinra).

Side effect

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying and controlled conditions, the rate of adverse reactions observed in clinical trials of drugs cannot be directly compared with the incidence in clinical trials of another drug, and may not be predictable in clinical practice The rate of adverse reactions observed in a wider patient population.

Patient consultation information

Inform patients that they should not receive ORENCIA at the same time as TNF antagonists (such as adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) because such combination therapy may increase the risk of infection, and they should not interact with other Biological RA treatment also received ORENCIA anakinra because there was insufficient information to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this combination therapy.

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Mekinist | Chemotherapy Drug Informaiton | Alleviare

Mekinist is an anti-cancer drug that interferes with the growth and spread of cancer cells in the body or cannot be surgically removed.

Mekinist can be used alone or in combination with another medicine called dabrafenib (Tafinlar) to
treat certain types of people with mutations in the "BRAF" gene have cancer. It should only be used in people with specific changes (mutations) in a gene called "BRAF" in cancer. Before starting treatment with MEKINIST, a cancer check should be performed for this change in the BRAF gene.

Mekinist is used to treat:

Melanoma (skin cancer) that cannot be treated by surgery or has spread to other parts of the body, or prevents melanoma from recurring after surgery;

Non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body; or

There is no other treatment option for advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer that has spread.


Important information

Using Mekinist with dabrafenib may increase the risk of developing some types of skin cancer. Ask your doctor about your specific risks. If you find any new skin symptoms, please tell your doctor.

Follow all instructions on the drug label and packaging. Tell each of your health care providers about your medical condition, Allergies, and all medications you use.


Before taking this medicine

If you are allergic to trametinib, you should not use Mekinist.

To ensure that Mekinist is safe for you, please tell your doctor if you have:

• Heart disease, high blood pressure;
• Diabetes;
• Lung disease;
• Liver or kidney disease;
• Stomach or intestinal diseases;
• Eye problems (especially retinal problems); or
• Bleeding problems or blood clots.

Supplied/Storage and Handling

MEKINIST tablets are administered orally in the form of 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg tablets. 0.5 mg
Tablet: yellow, Improved oval, biconvex, film-coated tablets, with "GS" on one side and "TFC" on the opposite side, 30 bottles per bottle (NDC 0173-0849-13). 1-mg tablets: white, Round, biconvex, film-coated tablets with "GS" engraved on one side and "LHE" on the opposite side, can be bottled 30 (NDC 0173-0858-13). 2-mg tablets: pink, round, biconvex, film-coated tablets with "GS" engraved on one side and "HMJ" on the opposite side Face pack, 30 bottles per bottle (NDC 0173-084813)

Store refrigerated at 2 ° to 8 ° C (36 ° to 46 ° F). Don't freeze. Dispense the original bottle.
Do not remove desiccant. Moisture-proof And light. Do not put the medicine in the pill box.


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Neurologist: Definition, Treatments, Areas, and More - Healthcare

What is neurology?

The branch of medicine related to the research and treatment of neurological diseases is called neurology. It includes the diagnosis and treatment of all types of conditions and diseases of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Who is a neurologist?

Doctors who study neurology are called neurologists. Neurologist received specialized training on diagnosis and diagnosis. Treat diseases related to various parts of the nervous system, such as the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. This is why whenever patients show symptoms that indicate neurological diseases, The primary care doctor referred them to a neurologist.

However, neurologists are not surgeons and they cannot perform surgical procedures for any neurological problems. This is because of neurology is a non-surgical branch. The surgical specialty of neurology is called neurosurgery. Doctor performing neurology surgery is called a neurosurgeon. Sometimes, if there is no cure for neurological problems with any medicine or therapy, The
neurologist refers the patient to a neurosurgeon to perform the required surgery.

What does a neurologist do?

Neurologists manage and treat neurological diseases or problems. Some symptoms that usually require a neurologist are as follows:

• Coordination problem
• Muscle weakness
• Feeling changed
• Dizziness

In some cases, neurologists also treat people who feel uncomfortable due to tactile, visual or olfactory problems. Feelings may sometimes be related to neurological diseases.

In addition, neurologists also treat patients with the following diseases:

• Epilepsy or epilepsy
• Stroke
• Multiple sclerosis
• Neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis
• Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease.
• Spinal cord diseases such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases
• Nervous system infections, such as encephalitis, meningitis or brain abscess
• Headaches, such as cluster headaches and migraines.

Types of neurologists

Doctors who study neurology are called neurologists. Neurologist received specialized training in disease diagnosis and treatment Related to certain parts of the nervous system (eg brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and muscles).

The nervous system is a complex and complex system, which can regulate and coordinate various activities of the human body. Therefore, there are many sub-specialties in neurology.

The different types of neurologists based on different sub-specialties are as follows:

• Clinical Neurologist
• Autonomous Neurologist
• Behavioral Neurologist
• Neurophysiologist
• Geriatric neurologist
• Pediatric Neurologist
• Vascular Neurologist
• Neurodevelopment and neuromuscular neurologist
• Pain management and palliative care neurologist

Different diagnostic procedures

Because the symptoms of different diseases are different, neurologists recommend a variety of procedures to help diagnose or treat the disease. They are as follows:

• Lumbar puncture: This procedure is used to check spinal fluid. When the symptoms are considered to be caused by the following reasons, it is recommended to use this method. There is a problem with the nervous system.
• Tensilon test: This test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis. In this test, a drug called Tensilon was injected into the patient. 
• Electromyography (EMG): This process is performed to measure the electrical activity between the brain or spinal cord and peripheral nerves. EMG can help diagnose spinal cord disease and general muscle or nerve dysfunction.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): This program is used to measure electrical activity in the brain. EEG for diagnosis including inflammation, tumors, injuries, seizures and psychotic brains.
• Computed tomography (CT scan): This program is used to examine soft tissues, blood vessels and bones in various parts of the body. It helps neurologist diagnoses infections, muscle diseases and fractures, points out the location of tumors, studies blood vessels, and guides surgery such as surgery and biopsy, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

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What You Need to Know About Anticoagulant Medications

Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent blood from clotting as quickly or effectively as normal. Some people call anticoagulants blood thinners. However, the blood has not actually thinned-when taking anticoagulants, the blood will not clot so easily.

What is anticoagulant used for?

Anticoagulants are used to treat and prevent possible blood clots in blood vessels.
Blood clots can block blood vessels. Blocked arteries prevent blood and oxygen from entering a part of the body. For example, to a part of the heart, brain, or lungs.

How and why do blood clots clot?

Within seconds of cutting a blood vessel, damaged tissue can cause tiny cells (platelets) in the blood to become thick and clumpy cut together. These activated platelets and damaged tissue release chemicals that react with other chemicals and proteins. Blood, called coagulation factors. There are 13 known coagulation factors, and their Roman numerals are called-from factor I to factor XIII. The complex cascade of chemical reactions involving these coagulation factors soon occurs.


Medicine use for Anti-coagulant

Defitelio
It is indicated for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.

Common side effects of Defitelio include:

• Low blood pressure (hypotension)
• Diarrhea.
• Vomiting
• Disgusting, and.
• Nosebleed.

Acova(Argatroban)
Agatroban is a medicine called a direct thrombin inhibitor. It works by preventing blood clots from forming in the body.

Common side effects of Acova include:

• Bleeding.
• Shortness of breath.
• Low blood pressure.
• Headache.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea.

How to use the yellow card plan?

Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of drugs or any other emerging side effects. Health products may have caused it.

If you wish to report side effects, you need to provide basic information about:

The term "medical equipment" covers a wide range of products used in healthcare.

They can be physical items or software used to diagnose, prevent, monitor or treat disease or disability.

Medical equipment products reported to the Yellow Card Program will carry the CE mark

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What are HIV and AIDS? | Get the facts about HIV & AIDS‎

What Is HIV?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks cells and helps the body fight infections, Make a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. Spread by certain physical contact, Body fluids of people living with HIV, most commonly sexual activity that occurs during unprotected sex (sex without condoms or HIV prevention drugs Or treat HIV), or by sharing injecting drug equipment.


If left untreated, HIV may cause AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

The human body cannot get rid of HIV and there is no effective treatment for HIV. Therefore,
once infected with AIDS, it can be infected for life.

However, by taking HIV drugs (called antiretroviral therapy or antiretroviral therapy), HIV patients can live long and healthy lives.
And prevent the spread of HIV to sexual partners. In addition, there are effective ways to prevent
Acquire HIV through sex or drug use, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

The reason

People spread HIV through body fluids, including:

• blood
• semen
• Vaginal discharge
• Anal fluid
• Breast milk

The main reasons for this fluid transfer are:

• Anal or vaginal intercourse with HIV-infected people who do not use condoms or PrEP, this is a preventive HIV drug for people with high HIV infection.
• Share equipment used to inject illegal drugs, hormones and steroids with people living with HIV

Pregnant women or HIV-infected persons who have just given birth may transmit the disease to their children during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.

In countries with effective blood donation screening procedures, the risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is extremely low.

Undetectable = unable to transmit

In order to spread HIV, these fluids must contain enough virus. If someone has "undetectable" HIV, they will not spread the HIV to another person, This is true even after infusion.

Undetectable HIV means that the HIV content in the human body is too low to be detected by blood tests. People may be able to achieve what is undiscoverable Carry out HIV level testing strictly in accordance with the prescribed course of treatment.

It is important to use blood tests to confirm and regularly monitor undetectable conditions, because this does not mean that the person is no longer infected with HIV.
Undetectable HIV depends on the person adhering to the treatment and the effectiveness of the treatment itself.

What is AIDS?

AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection, which occurs when the human immune system is severely damaged by the virus.

AIDS progress

The risk of HIV infection varies from person to person and depends on many factors, including:

• Personal age
• The body's ability to fight HIV
• Access to high-quality health care
• The presence of other infections
• Personal genetic resistance to certain HIV strains
• HIV-resistant strains

How do I know if I have HIV?

The only way to determine if you have AIDS is to be tested. The test is relatively simple. You can ask your health care provider for HIV testing. Many medical clinics, drug abuse programs, community health centers and hospitals also provide them. You can also buy a home test kit in a pharmacy or online.

To find an HIV testing location near you, use the HIV service locator.


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Iclusig: Side effects, cost, uses, and more - Medical News Today

Iclusig is also approved for the treatment of cancer cells in adults who have a genetic mutation called T315I mutation (abnormality of genes, permanent changes). This CML is called T315I positive CML.

In addition, Iclusig is approved for the treatment of adult cancer called acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The drug is used to treat Philadelphia chromosomes (Ph) with certain genetic mutations. This kind of ALL is called Ph + ALL. Iclusig is used to treat ALL in adults who cannot take other TKIs.

ICLUSIG has a variety of dosage strength prescriptions to meet your personalized treatment needs. The starting dose is usually 45 mg or 30 mg. Your health care provider will start your dose at the dosage that suits you. If you respond well to ICLUSIG, your health care provider may decide to lower your dose.

Effectiveness

Clinical studies have shown that Iclusig can effectively treat certain types of CML.

This clinical study is aimed at patients with chronic CML who have been previously diagnosed but not recently diagnosed. (The chronic phase is the first stage of CML.) These people cannot take other TKI drugs, but take Iclusig. The reason why they cannot take other TKI drugs is because the drugs do not work for them, or because they cannot tolerate side effects.

Iclusig Universal

Iclusig can only be used as a brand drug. It is currently not available in a general form.

Generic drugs are exact copies of branded drugs. The price of generic drugs is often lower than brand-name drugs.

Iclusig contains an active pharmaceutical ingredient: ponatinib. This means that ponatinib is the ingredient that makes Iclusig work.

Indications and usage of Iclusig

Iclusig (ponatinib) is a kinase inhibitor suitable for:

There is no treatment for adult patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph + ALL treated with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in the chronic phase, accelerated phase or germ phase.

Treatment of adult patients with T315I positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase or blast cell phase) or T315I positive Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL).

Iclusig dosage and administration

Recommended dose

The optimal dose of Iclusig has not been determined. In clinical trials, the starting dose of Iclusig is 45 mg orally once a day. However, in the phase 2 trial, 68% of patients needed to reduce the dose to 30 mg or 15 mg per day during treatment.

Start with a daily dose of 45 mg. For patients with chronic phase (CP) CML and accelerated phase (AP) CML who have reached the main cytogenetic response, consider reducing the Iclusig dose.

If no reaction occurs within 3 months (90 days), please consider discontinuing Iclusig.

Iclusig can be taken with or without food. The tablets should be swallowed whole.

Dose modification of bone marrow suppression

Table 1 summarizes the dosage recommendations for neutropenia (ANC * less than 1.0 × 109 / L) and thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 50 × 109 / L) that are not related to leukemia.

Dose modification for non-hematological adverse reactions

If serious non-hematological adverse reactions occur, adjust the dose, interrupt treatment, or consider discontinuation. Patients with arterial or venous occlusion reactions should not restart Iclusig unless the potential benefits outweigh the risk of recurrent arterial or venous occlusion, and the patient has no other treatment options.

Common side effects

More common side effects of Iclusig include:

• Pain in the abdomen, muscles, legs or arms
• Pain in bones, joints or back
• Mouth pain or blisters
• Nausea or vomiting
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• lose weight
• Red, dry or itchy skin or rash

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Introduction | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in adults | Quality

Understand the symptoms, causes and treatment of this severe lung disease, which occurs when the lung tissue becomes dry.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal cicatricial lung disease that occurs in adults of unknown etiology. Some people with IPF have familial diseases dominant characteristics, incomplete penetration.

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

The term "lung" refers to the lungs, and the term "fibrosis" refers to scar tissue, similar to the scars that may be left on the skin due to old injuries or surgery. Therefore, in the simplest sense, pulmonary fibrosis (PF) means scarring of the lungs.

Causes and symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis

For doctors, finding the cause of PF can be challenging. Sometimes they can determine one or more causes of your disease and discuss them here. Unexplained PF is called "idiopathic"

There are five main identifiable causes of pulmonary fibrosis: drug-induced, radiation-induced, environmental, autoimmune, and occupational. In the United States, environmental and autoimmune causes seem to be the most common types of PF with known causes.

Medical treatement

Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy), drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms (eg amiodarone), drugs used to treat inflammatory diseases (eg methotrexate) and antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections Nitrofurantoin) are some of them. More well-known drugs that may cause lung injury, inflammation and scar formation. In some cases, many other drugs are also considered to cause PF.

Radiation

Radiation to the chest to check for lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease; or breast cancer, lung cancer and other cancers can damage the lungs and cause fibrosis.

The environmental cause of PF is often referred to as hypersensitivity pneumonia (HP) or chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia. HP occurs when the lungs are infected with mold spores, bacteria, animal proteins (especially from indoor or caged poultry), or other known triggers, and inflammation and scar reactions occur in the lungs.

Autoimmune disease

If you have an autoimmune disease that affects the lungs, it means that your body's immune system is invading your lungs. Autoimmune diseases that may cause PF include:

• Rheumatoid Arthritis;
• Scleroderma (also called systemic sclerosis);
• Sjogren's syndrome and
• Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and antisynthetic enzyme syndrome.

Treatment programs

The Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation also provides detailed information on the latest treatment options and drug development breakthroughs to help patients live a better life. If you are interested in learning about another form of PF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, please visit our dedicated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis page. Treatment options are also available.

New diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis

I was just diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis. What should I do next?

We recommend that you consider an appointment with an experienced pulmonologist. The knowledgeable team of PF experts will ensure that you get an accurate diagnosis and the latest treatment and management recommendations.

The support group can supplement the care you get from the medical team by providing emotional support and education.

• Support group can help patients with pulmonary fibrosis
• Understand their diseases and available treatments;
• Support from others who feel they are experiencing the same thing;
• Learn to control the healthcare system more effectively; and
• Improve coping skills, etc.

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Kazano (Alogliptin and Metformin HCl Tablets): Uses, Dosage ...

Alogliptin and metformin are oral diabetes drugs that help control blood sugar levels. The role of metformin is to reduce the production of glucose (sugar) in the liver and reduce the absorption of glucose by the intestine.

METFORMIN is a combination of 2 drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. This medicine lowers blood sugar. Treatment is combined with a balanced diet and exercise.

The combination of alogliptin and metformin can be used alone or in combination with other drugs, combined with appropriate diet and exercise to treat the high blood sugar levels caused by type 2 diabetes. Alogliptin can help control blood sugar levels by increasing substances in the body that cause the pancreas to release more insulin. When there is too much sugar in the blood, it also sends a signal informing the liver to stop producing sugar (glucose). Metformin reduces the absorption of sugar in the stomach, reduces the release of sugar stored in the liver, and helps your body make better use of sugar. The drug cannot help patients with insulin dependence or type 1 diabetes.

This medicine can only be used under a doctor's prescription.

Proper Use

Follow the special diet plan given to you by your doctor carefully. This is the most important part of controlling diabetes, and it is necessary if the medicine works properly. Exercise regularly and test the sugar in the blood or urine as instructed.

This medicine should be accompanied by the "Guide to Medication." Please read and follow these instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.

Swallow the entire tablet. Don't crush, crush or chew it. Take this medicine with food.

Dosage

For different patients, the dose of this drug will be different. Follow the doctor's order or the instructions on the label. The information below includes only the average dose of the drug. If your dosage is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you.

The amount of medicine you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Similarly, the number of doses taken each day, the time allowed between two doses, and the length of time the drug is taken depends on the medical problem you are using.

For oral dosage forms (tablets):

     For type 2 diabetes:

•  Adults-First, take 2 tablets 1 tablet per day (agliptin 12.5 mg [mg] plus metformin 500 mg or alogliptin 12.5 mg plus metformin 1000 mg). Your doctor may adjust your dosage as needed. However, the daily dose usually does not exceed 25 mg of alogliptin plus 2000 mg of metformin.
• Children-usage and dosage must be determined by a doctor.

Missed Dose

If you miss the dose of this medicine, please take it as soon as possible. However, if your next dose is approaching, skip the missed dose and return to the regular dosing schedule. Do not double the dose.

Use & Storage

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture and direct light. Avoid freezing.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicines or medicines that are no longer needed.

Ask your health care professional how you should dispose of any medicines you don't use.

Before Using

When deciding to use a drug, one must weigh the risks of taking the drug and the benefits it can bring. This is a decision that you and your doctor will make. For this drug, the following points should be considered:

Allergy

Tell your doctor if you have had any abnormal or allergic reactions to this medicine or any other medicine. If you have other types of allergies, such as food, dyes, preservatives or animals, please also inform your healthcare professional. For non-prescription products, please read the label or packaging ingredients carefully.

Pediatrics

In the pediatric population, the effect of age on combined treatment with alogliptin and metformin has not been properly studied. Safety and effectiveness have not been determined.

Breast-feeding

Women do not have enough research to determine the risk of infants using this drug during breastfeeding. Before taking this medication during breastfeeding, weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks.

Precaution

It is very important that your doctor check your condition regularly to ensure that the medicine works properly and decide whether to continue taking it. Blood and urine tests may be required to check for adverse effects.

If symptoms of lactic acidosis occur, emergency medical help should be obtained immediately.

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Nesina (Alogliptin Tablets): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects ...

Nesina. Alogliptin is an oral diabetes drug that helps control blood sugar levels. It works by regulating the level of insulin produced by the body after eating. Alogliptin used in combination with diet and exercise can improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

DISCRIPTION

NESINA tablets contain the active ingredient alogliptin, which is a selective, oral bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).

Chemically, alogliptin was prepared as a benzoate salt, which was identified as 2-({6-[(3R) -3aminopiperidin-1-yl] -3-methyl-2,4-di Oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-1 (2H) -yl} methyl) benzonitrile monobenzoate. Its molecular formula is C18H21N5O2 • C7H6O2, and its molecular weight is 461.51 Daltons.

Indications and dosage

INDICATION

Monotherapy and combination therapy

NESINA can be used as an aid to diet and exercise to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes

Important use restrictions

NESINA is not suitable for the treatment of type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis because it is not effective in these cases.

Dosage

Recommended dose

The recommended dose of NESINA is 25 mg per day. NESINA can be taken with or without food.

Patients with renal insufficiency

For patients with mild renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance [CrCl] ≥60 mL / min), there is no need to adjust the dose of NESINA.

For patients with moderate renal insufficiency (CrCl ≥30 to <60 mL / min), the dose of NESINA is 12.5 mg once daily.

For patients with severe renal insufficiency (CrCl ≥ 15 to <30 mL / min) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (CrCl <15 mL / min or requiring hemodialysis), the dose of NESINA is 6.25 mg once daily. NESINA can be used regardless of dialysis time. NESINA has not been studied in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis [see "For Specific Populations, Clinical Pharmacology".

Due to the need to adjust the dose according to renal function, it is recommended to regularly assess renal function before and after starting NESINA treatment.

Supply method

Formulations and advantages

The 25 mg tablet is light red, oval, biconvex, film-coated and has "TAK ALG-25" printed on one side.
The 12.5 mg tablet is yellow, oval, biconvex, film-coated, with "TAK ALG-12.5" printed on one side.
6.25 mg tablets are light pink, oval, biconvex, film-coated, with "TAK ALG-6.25" printed on one side.

Storage and handling

NESINA tablets are available as film-coated tablets, which contain 25 mg, 12.5 mg or 6.25 mg alogliptin, as follows:

25 mg tablet: light red, oval, biconvex, film-coated, with "TAK ALG-25" printed on one side,

Side effect

The following serious adverse reactions will be described below or in the prescription information:

• pancreatitis
• heart failure
• Allergic reaction
• liver function
• Serious and Disable joint pain
• Bullous pemphigoid

Precaution

Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis has been reported in both post-marketing and randomized clinical trials. In the glycemic control trial in patients with type 2 diabetes, 6 patients (0.2%) of NESINA 25 mg patients and 2 patients (<0.1%) of active comparator or placebo reported acute pancreatitis. In the EXAMINE trial (a cardiovascular outcome trial for patients with a high risk of type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular (CV)), 10 (0.4%) of patients treated with NESINA and 7 (0.3%) were reported Acute pancreatitis occurred in patients treated with NESINA. Placebo.

Heart failure

In the EXAMINE trial, which enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome, 106 patients (3.9%) treated with NESINA and 89 patients (3.3%) treated with placebo were hospitalized for congestive heart failure .

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Ulcerative colitis - Symptoms and causes - Alleviare India

What is Ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that can cause
Long-standing inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost layer of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Symptoms usually develop over time, not suddenly.

There is no cure, and people often experience symptoms for life. But the correct treatment can help you control the disease.

Causes and risk factors of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis occurs when your immune system makes mistakes. Usually, it attacks an intruder in your body like a common cold. However, when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, beneficial gut bacteria and cells around the colon are invaders. It usually protects your white blood cells but attacks the colon wall. They cause inflammation and ulcers.


The risks that may affect your ulcerative colitis include:

Age. If you are between 15 and 30 years old, or over 60 years old, it is very likely.

Ethnicity. People with Ashkenazi Jewish descent have the highest risk.

Family history. If you have close relatives to the disease, your risk may be 30% higher.


Types of ulcerative colitis

The type of ulcerative colitis depends on its location in the body:

• Ulcerative proctitis is usually the mildest form. It is only in the rectum, the part of the colon closest to the anus. Rectal bleeding may be the only symptom of the disease.
• Rectal sigmoiditis is the lower end of your rectum and colon (you may hear the doctor call it sigmoid colon). You will bleed diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain. You will have a desire to defecate, but not. (Your doctor may call this an emergency.)
• Left-sided colitis can cause cramps on the side of the abdomen. You will also have diarrhea, diarrhea, and you may lose weight without trying. It can be inflamed from the rectum all the way to the left side of the colon.
• Pancreatitis usually affects your entire colon. It may cause severe diarrhea, bleeding, abdominal cramps, pain, fatigue and major weight loss.
• Acute severe ulcerative colitis is rare. It affects the entire colon and causes severe pain, severe diarrhea, bleeding, and fever.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis may vary, depending on the severity of the inflammation and where it occurs. 

Signs and symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea, often with blood or pus
• Abdominal pain and colic
• Rectal pain
• Rectal bleeding-a small amount of blood is discharged through the stool
• Urgent need to defecate
• Can't defecate in an emergency
• Lose weight
• Fatigue
• Heat
• In children, unable to grow

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Named Patient Supply - Licenced Medicines Access Program

Provide medicines to patients in need through designated patient supply

Governments around the world have formulated relevant provisions that allow the use of designated patient plans before the use of drugs. Approved for patients who have exhausted all alternative
treatment options. And it does not meet the inclusion criteria for clinical trials. Usually classified as compassionate use, expanded range of use, or designated patient material label, These named patient plans are subject to rules that vary from country to country, and these conditions define access criteria, data collection, promotion, and control drug distribution. In the United States, pre-approval needs are usually met through the application of treatment IND or single patient IND. These mechanisms belong to the label of the extended access plan and can provide patients with drug access plans.
Applicable to patient groups or individuals living in the United States. Outside the United States, the designated patient plan is controllable and the use of the drug in the United States is pre-approved. Before these drugs are approved in the patient's home country, they should respond to the doctor's request on behalf of a specific or "named" patient. Through these programs, patients can use drugs in later clinical trials or obtain drugs for genuine, unmet medical requirements in other countries Before these drugs are approved in the patient's home country.

Patient supply process

1.Patients with serious drug requirements
2.GM Global's internal processing of drug verification
3.Identify the best source for a specific prescription
4.Import medicines under the GDP directive
5.Supply medicines to relevant healthcare providers after quality inspection

Patient drug

Enable healthcare professionals to purchase medicines needed by patients.

Medical staff may face the challenge of trying to treat patients who require local treatment. The drug may not have been released on its territory, has been discontinued or just in short supply. In these situations, physicians and pharmacists often need to find and assign patient-specific, difficult-to-access treatments (often called named patient medicines) in emergency situations.

Our international reputation for the supply of "named patient medicines" has attracted frequent methods of pharmaceutical companies that are looking for a founding company to coordinate the supply of "named patient plans" for their products. We handle each partnership on a unique basis, whether it is implementing a "controlled patient access plan" or managing cross-border logistics for individual patients.

Information for patients

As a named patient medication, you may feel that you are in a serious condition or disease, and that your country cannot provide the treatment you need, which puts you in a frightening situation. These medicines may be available outside of your country. If your doctor thinks these medicines are suitable for the treatment of your disease, they will face the challenge of obtaining medicines for you. We help physicians around the world to obtain medicines that are not approved or approved in their country but may need to meet the specific needs of individual patients.

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Choosing a Healthcare Provider for Your HIV Treatment

Several factors need to be taken into consideration when trying to find the right health care issuer in your HIV treatment. The "Healthcare Provider" cannot recommend a medical doctor, nurse practitioner or a Physician Assistant (nurse practitioner and physician assistant) docs, but has received significant schooling and schooling and is allowed to treat most victims in most states. A minimum amount of health practitioner supervision effective). You and your issuer must work collectively as a group — and with that in mind, you are the most important member of that group. Make an active work in planning your healthcare by studying and knowing that you can cope with the disease; Ask your healthcare company for written facts or study the facts on respectable web sites. I can support getting started with Centers for disease control or the fitness department of your country, and increase your search by following the links to those websites. Work in partnership with your issuer so that you can choose about health care - it will make it much easier to keep up with your treatment plan and aim to stay healthy.

 HIV infection, safer sex practices                                       

If you are newly identified with HIV, then you are feeling most overwhelmed and may seek escape and lax on the subject in search of a remedy. named patient medicines These behaviors are understandable, but will also be disastrous for your health. Initial measures will help you understand what is going on in your frame, and will also allow your provider to assess whether you need life-saving medicinal drugs immediately. It can prevent or delay the development of your disease for AIDS and protect you from getting sick. You also want an area to show for emotional support, records, and schooling. In the initial measure, you will get the facts about preventing HIV infection, more safe sex practices, and needle replacement programs if you are an intravenous drug user. You may also be directed to a counselor or your neighborhood health department to talk about notification of any sexual or needle-sharing peers in HIV-sensitive promotion.

If you are relocating to a new city, you want to research the health care options you have relocated to, and make great selections to continue your care well-timed.

As time goes on, you additionally want to trade carriers. It is constantly appropriate for you to stop looking at a company for any purpose and change it to another at any time. If you do not like your company, otherwise you feel uncomfortable with her or him, or if you feel that your health care wishes are not being addressed or that your thoughts about your treatment are really Different from your issuer, then it is time for you to look all the time. Other issuers.

The following are some important things to keep in mind while selecting the issuer:

Training and experience: HIV treatment is very complex and rapidly modifies, and many things have to be taken into account in any respect range of the disorder. HIV It is important that you become an HIV specialist (someone who treats a large number of HIV-afflicted victims and who is a consultant through the American Academy of HIV Medicine (http://www.Aahivm.Org/) Licensed in. Your issuer is. Dedicated to staying contemporary and up-to-date with the region. Ask how many HIV victims the company has treated, and currently, they Let's look at the numbers. Ask if he has experience in treating patients at all levels of the disease.

 Possible problems related to HIV                           

 Ask the workers' office body how long it usually takes to get an appointment or reschedule the appointment if you have to cancel. If you are sick or have any problems, inquire about being able to get an appointment soon. You may see a popular trainee for other primary care desires, pharmaceutical consulting companies but who is additionally willing to provide the number one care. Whenever another issuer treats you, the potential trouble related to HIV goes unnoticed or can be prescribed for a medicinal drug that has interactions with your HIV medications. You also want to know that when your smartphone is returned to your company, you have such questions, when you have such questions,

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The Growth of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry comprises around 20,000 businesses. The pharmaceutical enterprise in India is booming for several reasons. First, the affordability of the products demonstrates an essential condition in enhancing the conditions of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Secondly, India claims a body of workers that matches the top pharmaceutical agencies in the international. Finally, generational improvement and competence in India are on a full-size vertical thrust. Due to all this, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is growing at a charge of CAGR thirteen.7%.

Indian pharmaceutical industry

                        

The proof of this is true that India is predicted to enter the big leagues in 10 drug markets inside the world. Currently, India is 14th in terms of price and third in terms of volume. It is clear that there is a contribution to the Indian pharmaceutical industry. s. Growth and development of A. As India provides an excellent set of talent, Pharmaceutical Consulting Company era, and economy, many foreign groups have started outsourcing their manufacturing divisions in India. In addition, some Indian agencies have merged palms with multinationals for study and development (R&D) in cancer, AIDS and similar functions. India's IT sector plays an important role in outsourcing research and drug discovery contracts to multinationals.

Success Through the Patent System

On January 1, 2005, it became an opportunity for success through a system of distributed product patents. named patient program Due to this, India has become a global exporter of the very best standard pills. India exports to 65 international locations with the US as its largest market. According to the National Pharmaceuticals Policy for 2006, industry exports amounted to three .75 billion greenbacks in the US and are growing at a compounded annual fee of twenty-two%.

In India, Indian Pharmaceutical                                     

Despite the story of this achievement, there is room for improvement in the Indian pharmaceutical business. To fully utilize its potential, the India pharmaceutical industry is seeking untapped global in addition to nearby markets. In India, one of the goals of the Indian pharmaceutical enterprise is to make the capsules seamlessly used within the neighborhood markets. In addition, calls for stylish and innovative drugs have increased because the unusual man does not live in a Western way of life. The Indian pharmaceutical enterprise needs to make additional investment in R&D and distribution. pharma consulting companies Quality Smart India does not conform to worldwide standards. To make India a peak player inside the international pharmaceutical commercial enterprise, the Indian government needs to assist foreign investment for medicines and biotechnology. Furthermore, biotechnology in India is meant to reach its true potential, but with the developing importance of vaccine ad-bio-offerings, there is no doubt on its way.

However, with talented human support, advanced technology, low-cost goods, and mergers and acquisitions multinationals, the pharmaceutical enterprise in India promises to be one of the top pharmaceutical industries globally.

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