Facts and Myths about Transplant

Transplantation is the transfer (implantation) of human cells, tissues or organs from a donor to a recipient. The purpose is to restore the function of the body. When transplanting between different species, such as humans, this animal is called xenotransplantation.

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which organs are removed from a body and placed in the recipient's body to replace damaged or missing organs. The donor and recipient can be in the same location, or the organ can be transferred from the donor site to another location. Organs and / or tissues transplanted in the same person are called autotransplants. A recent transplant between two subjects of the same species is called allograft. Allogeneic transplantation can come from a living body or a dead body.

Type of transplant

1. Autotransplantation
Autotransplantation is the transplantation of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with excess tissue, tissue that can be regenerated, or tissue that is urgently needed elsewhere (eg, skin transplantation, CABG vein extraction, etc.). Sometimes autotransplantation is required to remove the tissue and then treat it before returning (for example, stem cell autotransplantation and storing blood before surgery). In rotational plastic surgery, the distal joint is used to replace the proximal joint. Usually, the knee joint is replaced with a foot or ankle joint. The person's foot was cut and twisted, the knee was removed, and the tibia was connected to the femur.

2. Allograft
Allogeneic transplantation is the transplantation of an organ or tissue between two genetically different members of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allogeneic transplants. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's immune system will recognize the organ as a foreign body and try to destroy it, resulting in rejection of the transplant. The risk of transplant rejection can be assessed by measuring Panel reactive antibody levels.

3. Allograft
A subset of allogeneic transplantation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (eg identical twins). Allografts are different from other types of xenotransplants because allografts are anatomically identical, but they do not trigger an immune response.

4. Xenotransplantation and xenotransplantation
Transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another is an example of heart valve transplantation in pigs, which is very common and successful. Another example is an attempt to transplant islet primates (fish to non-human primates) into the tissue of islets (ie, pancreas or island tissue). The latter research aims to pave the way for successful potential human use.

5. Domino transplant
In people with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is necessary to replace both lungs at the same time, which is technically easier to perform surgery, and the success rate of replacement of the donor's heart and lungs is higher. Since the original heart of the recipient is usually healthy, it can be transplanted to a second recipient who needs a heart transplant, thereby making the person with CF a living heart donor.

6. Incompatible with ABO transplantation
Because young children (usually under 12 months, but usually only 24 months old [16]) do not have a well-developed immune system, [17] therefore, they may receive organs from incompatible donor . This is called ABO incompatible (ABOi) porting. ABOi and ABO compatible (ABOc) recipients have roughly the same graft survival rate and people's mortality rate.

7. Transplantation of obese individuals
Until recently, people marked as obese have not been considered suitable candidates for kidney transplantation. In 2009, doctors at the University of Illinois Medical Center performed the first robotic kidney transplant among obese recipients and continued to transplant people with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 35 through robotic surgery.

Organs and organ transplantation

Chest
Heart (deceased only)
Lungs (deceased donations and life-related lung transplants)

Abdomen
Kidneys (dead and living)
Liver (deceased donors can donate the entire liver; while living donors, if the entire liver is needed, the donation of only one person cannot provide the entire liver)
Pancreas (only the donor is deceased; if the entire pancreas of a living person is removed, it can cause very severe diabetes)
Intestine (deceased donor and living donor; usually refers to the small intestine)
Stomach (deceased donor only)
Testicles [27] (Dead and Living)
Penis (deceased only)


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What Is an Oncologist: What You Need to Know About Cancer ...

What is an oncologist?

An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer patients.

If you have cancer, the oncologist will design a treatment plan based on the detailed pathology report, which indicates which type of cancer you have, how much cancer has developed, how quickly it may spread, and which parts of your body.

What types of oncologists can you see?

Medical oncologist
Medical oncologists use chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy and other targeted therapies to treat cancer. People usually think of medical oncologists as their main cancer doctors.

Radiation Oncologist
Radiation oncologists use high-energy photon beams to target and destroy cancer cells. About half of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy as part of their cancer care.

Surgical oncologist
If your primary care doctor suspects you have cancer, a surgical oncologist may be one of the first doctors you will find. Surgical oncologists often perform biopsies to remove a small portion of tissue in order to examine cancer cells.

Pediatric Oncologist
Pediatric oncologists diagnose and treat children with cancer. Around 175,000 children under the age of 15 are diagnosed with cancer worldwide every year. In the United States, approximately 80% of children diagnosed with cancer and treated can survive.

How to prepare for your first oncology appointment

What to expect
Your first oncology appointment may last two to three hours. That's because your oncologist will take some time to gather information about your health. You should also expect:

• Emotions, or a strange lack. When you find yourself suffering from cancer, anxiety, anger and sadness are common reactions. At first, you may feel numb.
• Body checkup. Even if you have received a physical examination by a primary care doctor, your oncologist may perform a physical examination.
• Some other tests. You may need to perform other blood tests or imaging tests.
• Meeting with other cancer care team members. You may meet other health care professionals or people who can help you understand insurance procedures and treatment costs.
• Early prognosis. Oncologists can give you basic predictions and tell you how long it will take to recover.

what to ask

Until the moment you face the doctor, there are many problems that are not uncommon. Then -po! -They disappeared. The pressure from cancer diagnosis may even temporarily “freeze” someone who is usually very good at getting the answers needed to make the right decision.

What tests do oncologists do?

Your oncologist may perform a physical examination to find abnormalities that may indicate cancer. They may also perform blood and urine tests or imaging scans, such as MRI, ultrasound and CT scans. They may perform one or more biopsies to check for cancer cells in the tissue.

What kind of training do oncologists receive?

Oncology is a major in internal medicine. After graduating from medical school and becoming a licensed doctor, the doctor must complete the three-year residency of a medical resident.

After residency, the oncologist must complete another two to three years in the oncology scholarship. A surgical oncologist must first complete the status of a general surgical resident and then a two-year surgical oncology scholarship.

How do you find a good oncologist?

A good starting point is to advise your primary care doctor. You may want to obtain several names so that you can verify which names belong to your insurance network.

Another option is to find a hospital you trust and then find an oncologist related to that hospital. The American Cancer Society has a hospital checklist that can help you determine which nearby hospitals will be the best option for cancer care.

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Hepatitis: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment - Healthcare

What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and secondary hepatitis caused by drugs, drugs, toxins and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body produces antibodies against liver tissue.

Your liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen. It performs many key functions that affect the metabolism of the entire body, including:

• The production of bile is essential for digestion
• Filter toxins from the body
• Excretion of bilirubin (product of broken down red blood cells), cholesterol, hormones and drugs
• Carbohydrate, fat and protein breakdown
• Enzyme activation, which is a special protein essential for body function
• Storage of glycogen (a form of sugar), minerals and vitamins (A, D, E and K)
• Synthesis of blood proteins, such as photo albums

5 types of viral hepatitis

Liver viral infections classified as hepatitis include hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis transmitted by each virus is caused by a different virus.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. The most common form of this type of hepatitis is spread by eating food or water contaminated with the feces of people infected with hepatitis A.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is transmitted by contact with infectious body fluids containing hepatitis B virus (HBV), such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen. Injecting drugs, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing a razor with an infected person can increase your risk of hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with infected body fluids, usually through injecting drugs and sexual contact. HCV is one of the most common bloodborne viral infections in the United States

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D, also known as delta hepatitis, is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is infected by direct contact with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs at the same time as a hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis Eis a waterborne disease caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly seen in areas with poor sanitation, usually caused by ingestion of feces that contaminate water sources.

Causes of non-communicable hepatitis

Alcohol and other toxins

Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and inflammation. It is sometimes called alcoholic hepatitis. Alcohol can directly damage your liver cells. Over time, it may cause permanent damage and lead to liver failure and cirrhosis, liver thickening and scar formation.

Autoimmune system response

In some cases, the immune system mistakes the liver for harmful objects and begins to attack the liver. It causes persistent inflammation, which can range from mild to severe, and usually hinders liver function. The incidence of women is three times that of men.

Common symptoms of hepatitis

If you have chronic infectious hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, then you may have no symptoms at first. Before the damage affects liver function, symptoms may not appear.

• fatigue
• Flu-like symptoms
• Black urine
• Pale stool
• stomach ache
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Yellow skin and eyes, may be a sign of jaundice

How to diagnose hepatitis

History and physical examination

To diagnose hepatitis, your doctor will first determine any risk factors for you that may have infectious or non-infectious hepatitis based on your medical history.

During a physical examination, your doctor may gently press down on your abdomen to see if there is pain or tenderness. Your doctor may also feel whether your liver is enlarged. If your skin or eyes are yellow, your doctor will pay attention to this during the examination.

Liver function test

Liver function tests use blood samples to determine the efficiency of the liver. The abnormal results of these tests may be the first sign of a problem, especially if you do not show any signs on the physical examination of liver disease. High liver enzyme levels may indicate that your liver is under stress, damaged or not functioning properly.

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Orencia (Abatacept) : Medication Information

ORENCIA is a prescription drug for moderate to severe adult rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult psoriatic arthritis.

Abatacept is a drug that can treat autoimmune diseases by interfering with the immune activity of rheumatoid arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis T cells. It is a modified antibody. Abatacept is a fusion protein. The Fc region of immunoglobulin IgG1 is fused with the extracellular domain of CTLA-4

Medical uses and fact

In people with autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakes the body's own cells for intruders and attacks them. Orencia is a prescription drug, It is used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and prevent joint damage caused by these conditions. Abatacept is used as a second-line drug for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), And as a front-line agent for people with severe and rapidly progressing RA. It is also used to treat psoriasis
Arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Work of Orencia

Orencia (abatacept) is an injectable biologic drug that slows joint damage and reduces pain from rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases Autoimmune diseases. Orencia works by preventing immune cells in the body, T cells, called T cells, cause swelling and joint damage in arthritis through a process called autoimmune attack.

Contraindications

Abatacept has not been tested in pregnant women, and it is unclear whether it is present in breast milk. When taken in high doses, it can cause birth defects in rodents and spread through rodent breast milk.

Before starting abatacept, people should be checked for tuberculosis and all infections should be removed; the vaccine should be updated before starting to use abatacept. Abacept may interfere with any vaccine people are taking.

It should not be used in combination with anakinra or TNF antagonists. Because of abatacept, anakinra and TNF antagonists suppressing the immune system and using them in combination may greatly increase the risk of serious infections.

The Indications and Usage

ORENCIA combined with methotrexate can treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis

Adult patients who have not responded adequately to previous treatments for one or more disease relief therapies Anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD), including methotrexate (MTX) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α inhibitors. ORENCIA in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of moderate to severe polyarticular joints Pediatric idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children 6 years of age and older with insufficient reactivity Other DMARDs including at least one TNF inhibitor.

Important use restrictions

ORENCIA should not be used simultaneously with TNF antagonists. It is not recommended to use ORENCIA simultaneously with other biological rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments (such as anakinra).

Side effect

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying and controlled conditions, the rate of adverse reactions observed in clinical trials of drugs cannot be directly compared with the incidence in clinical trials of another drug, and may not be predictable in clinical practice The rate of adverse reactions observed in a wider patient population.

Patient consultation information

Inform patients that they should not receive ORENCIA at the same time as TNF antagonists (such as adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) because such combination therapy may increase the risk of infection, and they should not interact with other Biological RA treatment also received ORENCIA anakinra because there was insufficient information to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this combination therapy.

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Mekinist | Chemotherapy Drug Informaiton | Alleviare

Mekinist is an anti-cancer drug that interferes with the growth and spread of cancer cells in the body or cannot be surgically removed.

Mekinist can be used alone or in combination with another medicine called dabrafenib (Tafinlar) to
treat certain types of people with mutations in the "BRAF" gene have cancer. It should only be used in people with specific changes (mutations) in a gene called "BRAF" in cancer. Before starting treatment with MEKINIST, a cancer check should be performed for this change in the BRAF gene.

Mekinist is used to treat:

Melanoma (skin cancer) that cannot be treated by surgery or has spread to other parts of the body, or prevents melanoma from recurring after surgery;

Non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body; or

There is no other treatment option for advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer that has spread.


Important information

Using Mekinist with dabrafenib may increase the risk of developing some types of skin cancer. Ask your doctor about your specific risks. If you find any new skin symptoms, please tell your doctor.

Follow all instructions on the drug label and packaging. Tell each of your health care providers about your medical condition, Allergies, and all medications you use.


Before taking this medicine

If you are allergic to trametinib, you should not use Mekinist.

To ensure that Mekinist is safe for you, please tell your doctor if you have:

• Heart disease, high blood pressure;
• Diabetes;
• Lung disease;
• Liver or kidney disease;
• Stomach or intestinal diseases;
• Eye problems (especially retinal problems); or
• Bleeding problems or blood clots.

Supplied/Storage and Handling

MEKINIST tablets are administered orally in the form of 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg tablets. 0.5 mg
Tablet: yellow, Improved oval, biconvex, film-coated tablets, with "GS" on one side and "TFC" on the opposite side, 30 bottles per bottle (NDC 0173-0849-13). 1-mg tablets: white, Round, biconvex, film-coated tablets with "GS" engraved on one side and "LHE" on the opposite side, can be bottled 30 (NDC 0173-0858-13). 2-mg tablets: pink, round, biconvex, film-coated tablets with "GS" engraved on one side and "HMJ" on the opposite side Face pack, 30 bottles per bottle (NDC 0173-084813)

Store refrigerated at 2 ° to 8 ° C (36 ° to 46 ° F). Don't freeze. Dispense the original bottle.
Do not remove desiccant. Moisture-proof And light. Do not put the medicine in the pill box.


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Neurologist: Definition, Treatments, Areas, and More - Healthcare

What is neurology?

The branch of medicine related to the research and treatment of neurological diseases is called neurology. It includes the diagnosis and treatment of all types of conditions and diseases of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Who is a neurologist?

Doctors who study neurology are called neurologists. Neurologist received specialized training on diagnosis and diagnosis. Treat diseases related to various parts of the nervous system, such as the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. This is why whenever patients show symptoms that indicate neurological diseases, The primary care doctor referred them to a neurologist.

However, neurologists are not surgeons and they cannot perform surgical procedures for any neurological problems. This is because of neurology is a non-surgical branch. The surgical specialty of neurology is called neurosurgery. Doctor performing neurology surgery is called a neurosurgeon. Sometimes, if there is no cure for neurological problems with any medicine or therapy, The
neurologist refers the patient to a neurosurgeon to perform the required surgery.

What does a neurologist do?

Neurologists manage and treat neurological diseases or problems. Some symptoms that usually require a neurologist are as follows:

• Coordination problem
• Muscle weakness
• Feeling changed
• Dizziness

In some cases, neurologists also treat people who feel uncomfortable due to tactile, visual or olfactory problems. Feelings may sometimes be related to neurological diseases.

In addition, neurologists also treat patients with the following diseases:

• Epilepsy or epilepsy
• Stroke
• Multiple sclerosis
• Neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis
• Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease.
• Spinal cord diseases such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases
• Nervous system infections, such as encephalitis, meningitis or brain abscess
• Headaches, such as cluster headaches and migraines.

Types of neurologists

Doctors who study neurology are called neurologists. Neurologist received specialized training in disease diagnosis and treatment Related to certain parts of the nervous system (eg brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and muscles).

The nervous system is a complex and complex system, which can regulate and coordinate various activities of the human body. Therefore, there are many sub-specialties in neurology.

The different types of neurologists based on different sub-specialties are as follows:

• Clinical Neurologist
• Autonomous Neurologist
• Behavioral Neurologist
• Neurophysiologist
• Geriatric neurologist
• Pediatric Neurologist
• Vascular Neurologist
• Neurodevelopment and neuromuscular neurologist
• Pain management and palliative care neurologist

Different diagnostic procedures

Because the symptoms of different diseases are different, neurologists recommend a variety of procedures to help diagnose or treat the disease. They are as follows:

• Lumbar puncture: This procedure is used to check spinal fluid. When the symptoms are considered to be caused by the following reasons, it is recommended to use this method. There is a problem with the nervous system.
• Tensilon test: This test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis. In this test, a drug called Tensilon was injected into the patient. 
• Electromyography (EMG): This process is performed to measure the electrical activity between the brain or spinal cord and peripheral nerves. EMG can help diagnose spinal cord disease and general muscle or nerve dysfunction.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): This program is used to measure electrical activity in the brain. EEG for diagnosis including inflammation, tumors, injuries, seizures and psychotic brains.
• Computed tomography (CT scan): This program is used to examine soft tissues, blood vessels and bones in various parts of the body. It helps neurologist diagnoses infections, muscle diseases and fractures, points out the location of tumors, studies blood vessels, and guides surgery such as surgery and biopsy, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

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What You Need to Know About Anticoagulant Medications

Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent blood from clotting as quickly or effectively as normal. Some people call anticoagulants blood thinners. However, the blood has not actually thinned-when taking anticoagulants, the blood will not clot so easily.

What is anticoagulant used for?

Anticoagulants are used to treat and prevent possible blood clots in blood vessels.
Blood clots can block blood vessels. Blocked arteries prevent blood and oxygen from entering a part of the body. For example, to a part of the heart, brain, or lungs.

How and why do blood clots clot?

Within seconds of cutting a blood vessel, damaged tissue can cause tiny cells (platelets) in the blood to become thick and clumpy cut together. These activated platelets and damaged tissue release chemicals that react with other chemicals and proteins. Blood, called coagulation factors. There are 13 known coagulation factors, and their Roman numerals are called-from factor I to factor XIII. The complex cascade of chemical reactions involving these coagulation factors soon occurs.


Medicine use for Anti-coagulant

Defitelio
It is indicated for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.

Common side effects of Defitelio include:

• Low blood pressure (hypotension)
• Diarrhea.
• Vomiting
• Disgusting, and.
• Nosebleed.

Acova(Argatroban)
Agatroban is a medicine called a direct thrombin inhibitor. It works by preventing blood clots from forming in the body.

Common side effects of Acova include:

• Bleeding.
• Shortness of breath.
• Low blood pressure.
• Headache.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea.

How to use the yellow card plan?

Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of drugs or any other emerging side effects. Health products may have caused it.

If you wish to report side effects, you need to provide basic information about:

The term "medical equipment" covers a wide range of products used in healthcare.

They can be physical items or software used to diagnose, prevent, monitor or treat disease or disability.

Medical equipment products reported to the Yellow Card Program will carry the CE mark

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